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Background: Self medication with analgesics is prevalent worldwide due to easy procurement of over the counter drugs. Present study was done to assess knowledge, attitude, practice and perception of self medication of analgesics among MBBS students at Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 5th term MBBS students of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Medical College, Bengaluru in November 2019. A pre-designed validated questionnaire was used to collect information on knowledge, attitude, practice and perception of self medication of analgesics. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics.Results: 83.3 % of 5th term MBBS students practiced self medication with analgesics. Majority of students had some knowledge on self medication with analgesics. Common reason for using analgesic self medication was headache (59.7%) and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (90%) were commonly used analgesics. Analgesics were used for quick relief (73.3%) and source of information was from medical textbooks (61.6%). Students stopped taking analgesics after symptoms disappeared (75%). Students agreed that self medication is acceptable for medical students (63.3%) and medical license is required for better administration of drugs (51.3%).Conclusions: This study has found that self medication with analgesics was common among undergraduate medical students for minor illness. It is necessary to create awareness and educate students regarding dangers of analgesic self medication.
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Background: Momordica charantia (M. charantia), bitter melon is commonly used in traditional medicine forits wide variety of medicinal properties.Aim and objectives: To study the effect of successive extract of M. charantia on smooth muscle contractilityof the isolated guinea pig ileum compared to that of standard drugs and to evaluate the receptors mediatingthe effects of M. charantia on intestinal smooth muscle using appropriate antagonists.Materials and methods: An adult albino male guinea pig of weight 700 g was euthanased and the ileumwas dissected out for isolated tissue experiment in organ bath using tyrode as physiological salt solution,aerated with air, maintained at pH of 7.4 and temperature 37°C. Successive extract of M. charantia wasprepared in soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether, methanol, ethanol and water. 100 mg of this extractwas diluted in 10 ml of water to get a stock solution of 10 mg/ml w/v which was used after appropriatedilutions to obtain the working standard solutions. Experimental procedures were done in accordance to thestandard principles of isolated tissue experiments.Results: Contractile response was noted for M. charantia and its dose response curve was obtained followingthose of standard drugs, acetylcholine and histamine. The receptor actions were studied using atropine(muscarinic antagonist) and pheneramine maleate (histamine antagonist) and adrenaline (adrenergic agonist)which are gut smooth muscle relaxants and we found that all the three drugs did not alter the response ofM. charantia proving that none of these three receptors systems, muscarinic, histaminic or adrenergic wereinvolved in mediating the contractile actions of M. charantia.Conclusion: This study has evaluated the contractile effect and the underlying receptor mechanismscontributing to this effect of M. charantia on the intestinal smooth muscle of guinea pig using isolated tissueexperiment
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Background: Maternal mortality can be due to various reasons. Maternal mortality following thromboembolism is a cause for concern. Venous thromboembolism is a very serious condition following caesarean section. Thromboprophylaxis should be given to the mothers with high risk for thromboembolism, who deliver by caesarean section. The objective of this study was to do to assess the risk status for thromboembolism among women delivered by caesarean section.Methods: A hospital based cross- sectional study was conducted among four hundred mothers who delivered by caesarean section. The study was conducted for a period of eight months from January to August 2017. The risks for thromboembolism was assessed and as per the guideline and hospital policy, thromboprophylaxis was given.Results: Out of four hundred patients, medical comorbidities were present for three patients. Patients who were overweight were 122. Two had systemic infection. The number of patients with high, intermediate and low risk of venous thromboembolism were 4,65 and 331.Conclusions: The study suggests that thromboprophylaxis is to be given for all the patients with any risk for thromboembolism, after caesarean section.
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Introduction: During instrumentation smear layer formationoccurs on dentinal wall and for a successful root canal itsremoval is necessary. Aim of the study was to compare effectof 17% EDTA, MTAD & 18%Etidronic acid (HEBP) + 5%NaOCl, irrigating solutions on smear layer removal andpenetrability of AH Plus sealer into dentinal tubules usingscanning electron microscopy (SEM).Material and methods: Sixty single rooted mandibularpremolars, were divided into three groups (n=20).Group -I17% EDTA, Group -II MTAD, Group -III 18%Etidronic acid+5% NaOCl. The final rinse was done by 5ml of solution for2 minutes. Ten samples from each group were evaluated atmiddle and apical thirds for smear layer removal using SEM.Remaining ten samples of each group were obturated withgutta-percha & AH PLUS sealer and evaluated at 5mm abovefrom the root apex for sealer penetration using SEM.Results: At middle 3rd no difference in smear layer removalwas seen between Group –I and Group -II For apical 3rdGroup- II showed better smear layer removal than Group–I and Group- III. Thus both in middle and apical thirdsMTAD showed better smear layer removal. For mean sealerpenetration Group -II showed a highest depth of sealerpenetration i.e, 231.37±18.12µm followed by Group -I154.95±22.53µm and Group –III 125.99±17.39µmConclusion: MTAD is effective in smear layer removal fromboth middle and apical thirds. Maximum depth of sealerpenetration was seen in MTAD group followed by EDTAgroup and least in Etidronic acid group
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Primary breast lymphoma is one of the rare tumors that commonly presents as a lump with <0.5% incidence rate. It may be misdiagnosed as poorly differentiated carcinoma on routine fine-needle aspiration cytology. With appropriate treatment, this breast malignancy has a relatively better prognosis. Here, we report the case of a mammary T-cell rich B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a pre-menopausal woman diagnosed by biopsy and later confirmed by immunohistochemistry.
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Background: Diarrheal disorders in childhood account for a large proportion (18%) of childhood mortality. Among diarrheal diseases, dysentery is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries.Methods: This is an open labelled, prospective, randomised, comparative study carried out at Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Medical College Hospital, Bangalore from November 2014 to November 2015 after Institutional Ethics Committee approval. A total of 80 Paediatric patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study after taking written informed consent from parents and assigned into two groups, Group A- Inj. Ceftriaxone (50-100mg/kg/day) and Group B- Inj. Cefotaxime (100 mg/kg/day) in divided doses for a period of 3-5 days based on requirement.Results: In this study, Cefotaxime was non inferior to Ceftriaxone as the Mean Duration of Hospitalisation was 3.30±0.72 days in Group A and 3.30± 0.72 days in Group B with p value of 1.000, showing no statistically significant difference. Both were well tolerated without any reports of ADR (Adverse Drug Reaction).Conclusions: In this study shows that Inj. Cefotaxime is equally efficacious and well tolerated as Inj. Ceftriaxone in the treatment of Acute Bacillary Dysentery in paediatric patients.
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Background: Acne vulgaris is a dermatological disorder characterised by formation of comedones and inflammatory lesions. The treatment of acne basically involves reduction of lesions. Benzoyl peroxide, in concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 20%, has been used effectively in the treatment of acne for more than 20 years. Nicotinamide/ Niacinamide is a newly-approved anti-acne drug with a potent anti-inflammatory effect. The present study assessed the efficacy of 5% Benzoyl peroxide gel in comparison to 4% Nicotinamide gel for topical treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris.Methods: In this study, the patients with mild to moderate acne vulgaris with inflammation were divided into two groups, group I was treated with topical 5% Benzoyl peroxide gel whereas topical Nicotinamide gel was given to the group II. Assessment of efficacy was done by total lesion counting according acne global severity index, the results were compared at the end of 2 weeks and 4 weeks with the baseline values.Results: At the end of this study, it was found that the reduction of inflammatory and total percentage of decrease in counts of lesions from baseline were highly significant in both the groups (p<0.001), between the groups, differences were statistically significant (p<0.001), therefore 5% Benzoyl peroxide gel has better efficacy than 4% Nicotinamide gel.Conclusions: Benzoyl peroxide is more efficacious than 4 % Nicotinamide gel in mild to moderate acne.
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Routine dental procedures produce aerosol and splatter, which pose a potential risk to the clinician and dental personnel, as well as the immunocompromised patient. Reports indicate that the ultrasonic scaler is the greatest producer of aerosol and splatter.The study aimed to evaluate the contamination distance, contamination amount and contamination duration of aerosol produced during ultrasonic scaling. The study was performed on a mannequin fitted with phantom jaws on a dental chair. Mock scaling was done for 15 min using an auto-tuned magnetostrictive ultrasonic scaler with the simultaneous use of a low volume saliva ejector. An ultrafiltrate-containing fluorescent dye was used in the reservoir supplying the scaler unit. Filter paper discs were placed in different positions and distances in the operatory. Immediately following scaling, the filter paper discs were replaced with new ones. This was done every 30 min for a total duration of 90 min. Maximum contamination was found on the right arm of the operator and left arm of the assistant. Contamination was also found on the head, chest and inner surface of the face mask of the operator and of the assistant. The aerosol was found to remain in the air up to 30 min after scaling. The occupational health hazards of dental aerosols can be minimized by following simple, inexpensive precautions